How Microprocessors Work
Microprocessors Work
The biggest role behind the computer is the processor. Due to the role of the processor, one computer is faster than another computer. The amount of progress that has been made in the processor world in the last few years is unbelievable. New generation processors are now taking place in the history of computers. In a very short time, Intel, AMD is moving forward by crossing the GHz milestones. In terms of processor speed, 1 GHz seemed like a huge achievement at one time, but now for 3 GHz processors, that success is just history. The new generation processors now mean the Pentium 4 from Intel and the Athlon XP from AMD. In the competition of speed, these two rivals are moving forward with great speed. Let's find out the technology behind the processor.
The biggest role behind the way a computer works is the processor. Any microprocessor performs extremely delicate but sensitive operations using a set of set machine instructions. Based on the instructions, the work of the microprocessor is divided into three parts.
1. Using ALU (Artimetic Logic Unit), the microprocessor performs mathematical operations such as addition-subtraction-multiplication-division. Modern microprocessors have automatic floating point processors through which extremely complex and long decimal number operations are performed.
2. The microprocessor works to move data from one memory location to another.
3. The microprocessor can make decisions. And completes the next instruction based on this decision.
Let us now try to explain the following parts of the microprocessor from the side diagram.
6.16 or 32 bit wide Address bus works to send Address in memory.
6.16 and 32 bit wide data bus sends data to memory and receives data from memory.
RD (Read) and WR (Write) lines of memory to determine the address or address the location of the address.
The clock line provides the clock pulse to the processor.
The reset line resets the program counter to zero and performs the instructions again as usual.
Let's assume that both the address bus and the data bus are 8 bits wide. Then the parts might be interpreted this way in a very simple microprocessor.
Register A, B, C are some very common latches made by flip flops.
Address latch works similar to register A, B, C.
Program counter is a type of latch that can manually increase the value of its counter 1 or reset the counter value to '0'.
ALU can add-subtract-multiply-divide only 6-bit numbers like a normal 8-bit address.
The test register is an exceptional latch that contains different values compared to the ALU. ALUs usually compare two numbers to determine whether the bong numbers are equal, or whether one is bigger or smaller than the other. The test register also contains the Carry bit generated in the last step of the Adder operation. The test register stores these values on the flipflop and the instruction decoder decides using these values.
In the picture above, 6 boxes (3-State) are marked. These boxes are tri-test buffers. A tri-state buffer can flow ‘one’ or ‘zero’ or it can disconnect from the output if necessary. A tri-state buffer connects multiple outputs to a single wire. But ‘one’ or ‘zero’ flows in only one connection.
The instruction register and instruction decoder control all parts of the microprocessor.
The instruction decoder has several control lines. Below is a brief introduction to the work of the control lines-
The program indicates to increase the value of the counter to '1'.
Specifies that the program counter value should be set to 'zero'.
Activates any one of the six tri-state buffers.
Instructs ALU for the next operation.
Activates the RD line.
Activates the WR line.
Microprocessor Instruction Set
Even a simple microprocessor that is impossible can have a huge set of instructions. The instructions are applied in the form of a number of bit patterns. When it is loaded into the instruction register of the instruction microprocessor, the bit pattern of an instruction carries a certain meaning. These instructions in different bit patterns are expressed by different types of words. Below are some notable and very simple instructions in words:
· LOADA mem loads the value of the memory address into the A register.
· LOADA mem loads the value of the memory address into the B register.
· ConB loads a constant number in the Con-B register.
· SAVEC saves values in the memory location in the mem-B register.
· SAVEC saves the value of the mem-C register in the memory location.
· ADD adds the values of registers A and B and puts the sum in C register.
· MUL compares the values of registers A and B and puts the sum in register C.
· Jump addr freezes at an address.
· Stop Exhibition.
History
Do you know the ancestor of today's personal computer, i.e. IBM personal computer first how much processor speed? The speed of the first IBM PCT was 4.6 MHz. It uses Intel 808 microprocessor. 16 kilobytes of memory, 160 kilobytes floppy, and a black and white monitor, this was everything on that computer. If you talk about the price, you will feel dizzy. The personal PC was priced at 1,575 in 1981, which is equivalent to 4,000 today. Calculated in rupees, the price of the first IBM PC today is two lakh sixty thousand rupees. Terminology Clock speed another name is the clock rate. This is the speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions. Each computer has an internal clock inside which executes different instructions and causes synchronization between different components. Clock speeds are usually expressed in megahertz or gigahertz. One megahertz means 1 million cycles per second. Computer expansion buses like CPUs also have their own clock speeds.
Flip-flop
A Flip-flop is a type of memory circuit that can store either 0 or 1 of these two logical states. That is why it is known as Du Stable or Bistable. It can be made with transistors or electronics tubes.
Latch
This is an initial flip-flop circuit The two states of the discharge mouth of this circuit are called set and reset. The latch is an English word. This means a latch on the door. When the door is closed and latched, the door remains closed. It is possible to keep the door open by opening the latch again. Similarly, the latch preserves 1 argument in the set state of the circuit and 0 in the reset state. Hence this circuit is known as a latch.
Benchmark
Benchmark refers to certain tests or tests used to compare computer hardware (or software) performance. This can be processor benchmarking so that certain instructions are run on the processor and how fast it is performed. These results are compared to the results of some standard processors in a graph or similar benchmark result.
